Journal of Al-Tamaddun

Lamia Rustum Shehadeh (2007). The Idea of Women in Fundamentalist Islam. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 321 Halaman. [ISBN 978-0-8130-3211-5]

Nur Saadah Hamisan@Khair (Corresponding Author) — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Jasser Auda (2021). Re-Envisioning Islamic Scholarship: Maqasid Methodology as a New Approach. UK: Claritas Books & Maqasid Institute. 282 Pages. [ISBN: 978-1-80011-977-2]

Zulqernain Haider Subhani — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Symbiosis between Caravanserai in Islamic Civilisation and Tourism in Modern Era: A Reference to Malaysia

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Caravanserai refers to the accommodation for travelers to rest and enjoy the services provided there. Initially, it was known as ribat and khanqah. Its construction in Islamic civilisation is linked to tourism, which in turn generates the national economy. Besides that, its construction is made up of specific architecture. Thus, it is useful to promote the uniqueness of the country’s art, culture, and heritage as the main catalyst for the growth of the country’s tourism and cultural sector. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between caravanserais in Islamic civilisation and the tourism industry, and how it can be used to promote art, cultural, and national heritage tourism in Malaysia. The study presented a qualitative research design using historical study and content analysis approach. The sampling of the study was done in two stages, namely article search based on the use of keywords such as caravanserai, Islamic tourism, art tourism, cultural tourism, and Islamic civilsation, and review of the reference list at the end of the articles that were referred to in the early stages. Meanwhile, data analysis was also conducted in stages, i.e., the analysis of the written content followed by the implied content. The research findings showed that caravanserai has a significant relationship with the tourism industry in Islamic civilisation based on three things. First, its position is on the Silk Road, which was a trade and tourism route at that time. Second, the caravanserai is a tourist attraction because it has historical places and functions as a commercial center. Third, the caravanserai contributes to the economic growth of the country as it successfully attracts many tourists to visit the place. The research findings also indicated that the caravanserai can be used to promote art, cultural, and national heritage tourism in Malaysia based on its construction as a historical monument that displays certain arts and becomes a tourist destination for local history and cultural exploration. This finding is also supported by previous studies which agreed that culture and art can be used to promote tourism. Thus, the concept of caravanserai construction in Islamic civilistion can be utilised towards promoting the tourism industry in Malaysia in line with the National Tourism Policy (NTP) 2030, which, among other things, focuses on the keystones to improve the experience and satisfaction of tourists.

Cultural Impact of Scholars in the Andalusian Emirate (138-442 AH / 756-1031 AD)

Hussah Hindi Shuja Alotaibi (Corresponding Author) — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Scholars during the Islamic ages played a significant role in the development of society, culture, and various other fields including economy, science, literature and arts etc. With the fragmentation of Abbasid caliphate, various rulers became independent and formed parallel caliphates, and adopted their own approaches towards development. Andalusian emirate is one such independent kingdom in southern Spain, which disowned its diligence to the Islamic caliphate, and adopted its own approaches to the development of the region. Scholars during this period played a significant role in transfer of technology from foreign regions, leading innovation in various sciences such as agronomy, astrology, astronomy, mathematics, arts, philosophy etc. All these events led to a significant impact on the culture and society, which are discussed and presented in this paper.

Adaptation and Negotiation of Muslims within the Local Catholic Community in Eastern Indonesia

Fransiska Widyawati (Corresponding Author); Yohanes S. Lon — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Muslims are a minority group in Manggarai, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. They live alongside the Catholics who make up the majority of the population. The Catholics are known to have a strong sense of tradition in addition to their faith. The tradition is centered around rituals involving sacrificial animals and food deemed haram in Islam. As a result, Muslims are faced with a challenge that hinders their practice of the halal lifestyle. They are compelled to find ways of adaptation and negotiation, through which they can practice their faith while living in harmony and integrated with the Manggarai community. This study explores some common models which have been adopted by Muslims in Manggarai to adapt and negotiate their standing in society and factors that influence such behaviors. This ethnographic study found various working models of adaptation and negotiation that enable Muslim minorities to integrate into society while maintaining their halal lifestyle. The models depend on many factors such as cultural background, interpersonal relationship, place and time, bargaining power, personal preference, peer pressure, mindset, and interpretation of the sacred text. This study argues that the Muslim minority in Manggarai applies the non-monolithic nature of Islam. The practice of a halal lifestyle in Islam is not only a religious matter but also a socio, economic, and political one.

The Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalus Based on Ibn Khaldun’s Theory

Suhaila Abdullah (Corresponding Author); Nurliyana Mohd Talib — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

This inquiry examines the downfall of the Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba, Andalus (Spain), in 1031 CE, which signaled the end of almost three centuries of Umayyad dominance in the region under Islamic governance. The primary objective of this study is to scrutinize the factors contributing to the demise of the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalus, drawing upon the insights presented by Ibn Khaldun. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study utilized content analysis methodology to examine pertinent documents and additional written sources. The findings of this research, as per Ibn Khaldun’s theories, identified critical elements that precipitated the collapse of the Umayyad government. These included a failed state, political disintegration, severe financial crises stemming from the erosion of social solidarity, a decline in the sense of belonging (‘asabiyyah), instances of injustice and tyranny, a culture of opulence, and weakened religious adherence. Ultimately, the populace of Andalus withdrew their support for the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to a diminishing sense of social solidarity. Consequently, the Islamic civilization in Andalus underwent a gradual decline, culminating in its destruction by external forces.

Al-Madaih An-Nabawiyyah: Its Literary History and Transformational Functions in the 21st Century Era

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

From an Islamic perspective, al-madaih an-nabawiyyah (praise of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH) is a part of Islamic literature that plays a central role in various aspects of life. This study aimed to investigate the literature, history, and functional diversity of al-madaih an-nabawiyyah in the 21st century. This study adopted Swingewood and Laurenson’s sociological approach. Data were obtained through references to literary history studies, observations and interviews. Observations focused on the functional diversity of al-madaih an-nabawiyah, while interviews were conducted with al-madaih an-nabawiyah figures and activists who were met at the activity center. In addition to these methods, data was also obtained from documents related to the existence and activities of congregations which have made reading al-madaih an-nabawiyah have a transformational function in the 21st century era. This paper shows that the emergence of al-madaih an-nabawiyyah literature was influenced by the rise of Muslim religious fanaticism, which encouraged love and longing for noble figures, and the encouragement of Muslims to eliminate life’s anxieties by asking for spiritual intercession from the Prophet Muhammad PBUH. Another factor that underlies the development of al-madaih an-nabawiyyah literature is the development of tasawuf tendencies and ascetic life (zuhd) among Muslims. This paper shows that the literary theme of al-madaih an-nabawiyyah includes the Prophet’s majesty and the Muslims’ religiosity by imitating by imitating the Prophet’s wisdom and glory. Apart from being a monumental literary work, al-Madaih an-Nabawiyyah has undergone a shift present generation’s needs, as a prayer and worship to improve the quality of life, piety, soothe the soul, as well as an expression of longing and love for the Prophet Muhammad PBUH. Reading al-madaih an-nabawiyyah has become a social, economic, cultural and political activity. Many Muslims used al-madaih an-nabawiyyah reading program as a medium to strengthen friendship or create an atmosphere of harmony in the people. This paper stressed the need for further studies on the development of al-madaih an-nabawiyyah literature as a complete literary work which is a masterpiece that accompanies Muslims’ lives.

Pembangunan Tamadun melalui Wakaf Keluarga: Analisis dari Perspektif Sejarah Islam

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Islam menganjurkan amalan berwakaf sebagai satu bentuk tuntutan yang digalakkan terutama bagi membantu golongan yang kurang berkemampuan. Dalam sejarah Islam, praktis perwakafan bukanlah sesuatu yang asing dalam kalangan para sahabat dan pemerintah kerajaan Islam termasuk pelaksanaan wakaf ahli/wakaf zurri yang juga dikenali sebagai wakaf keluarga. Wakaf keluarga adalah satu bentuk wakaf yang dibuat oleh pewakaf (waqif) kepada benefisiari (mawquf ‘alaih) yang terdiri daripada seorang atau lebih ahli keluarga bagi tujuan kebajikan. Artikel ini meneliti perkembangan sejarah praktis wakaf keluarga daripada perspektif sejarah Islam. Penelitian artikel ini menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan teks tematik dimana setiap perbincangan akan dibuat secara bertema menerusi sub-sub tajuk yang berkaitan dan sesuai dengan tajuk artikel. Dapatan artikel ini menunjukkan bahawa wakaf keluarga adalah salah satu bentuk wakaf yang telah diterima dan dipraktiskan dalam sejarah dunia Islam. Namun, pelaksanaan wakaf keluarga di beberapa buah negara termasuk Malaysia telah mengalami pelbagai perkembangan yang berbeza selaras dengan keadaan serta keperluan tempatan dan undang-undang di setiap negara.

Three Early Islamic Stelae Found in the Malay Archipelago and Its Artistic Relation with the Eastern Islamic World

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

This study examined the decorative elements present on three early Islamic stelae – the Champa Pillar (1035CE), Putri Makhdarah’s tombstone (1048CE) and Fatimah’s tombstone (1082CE) – which were found in the Malay Archipelago and dated to the eleventh century CE. These objects are of tremendous significance as they are the earliest Islamic evidence in Southeast Asia that indicates Muslim presence in the region. Regrettably, although is it acknowledged that one of the earliest cultural influences that spread towards the Malay Archipelago is Persian, the artistic dimensions of the stelae are rarely discussed in terms of its influence and connection with the eastern Islamic lands after the Muslim conquest in the seventh century CE. This is because previous studies are more concerned with the inscription and material from the archaeological, historical and palaeographic approach rather than art history. Therefore, this study adopted the art historical method where the analysis concerned the development and influence of the Islamic art in the region. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that these stelae have connections in terms of their artistic repertoire, format, type and context of certain motifs used with the ones found in the eastern Islamic lands, namely Iran and Transoxiana. This connection is particularly evident in the type of calligraphy used, involving round script and foliated Kufic, as well as the use of lamp motif (misbah) in mihrab images. Both have been found to be extensively used in Iran and Transoxiana for tombstones, gravestones, mausoleums, commemorative texts and Quranic manuscripts, contemporary with the development of Islamic art in the region. Hence, the findings from this analysis indicate that the source of Islamic decorative elements used by the Malays in their Islamic art stemmed from Iran and Transoxiana and was heavily rooted in the Turco-Persian influence since the coming of Islam to Southeast Asia.

A Critical Assessment of Heinz Halm’s Views on the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt al-Hākim bi-Amr Allāh

Raziyeh Ansari; Mohamad Ali Chelongar (Corresponding Author) — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Al-Hākim bi-Amr Allāh (reign 996–1021), the sixth Fatimid caliph in North Africa, is one of the most controversial characters in the history of Islam, who has engendered different and sometimes conflicting views of historians. Adopting a descriptive–analytical method, the present study aimed to assess the views of Heinz Halm, the contemporary Ismaili era researcher, on al-Hākim. Although al-Hākim has gone down the history as a brutal, wicked-minded man, Halm in The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning (1997) refers to al-Hākim as a highly-respected person among Egyptians, as a person who had a stable character with consistency in religious policies. Moreover, Halm depicts al-Hākim as totally opposed to the Druze who emerged, as a religious sect, with a belief in al-Hākim’s divinity. The results of the study showed that Halm, drawing eclectically on historical sources, reports, and statements to depict al-Hākim’s character as justified and sound, had foregrounded, marginalized, and eliminated historical data about al-Hākim.

Sejarah Persempadanan Kelantan-Patani: Kesannya kepada Evolusi Ketamadunan Islam dan Politi Melayu Semenanjung

Nizamuddin Alias; Haniff Ahamat (Corresponding Author) — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

The Kelantan-Patani border was determined through the Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909. The treaty changed the previous border of the two states by giving the west bank of Golok River to Thailand (Patani), while giving the district of Jeli to Malaysia (Kelantan). This article intends to study a few objectives. They are inter alia, firstly to study the importance of rivers to Malay polities in general and to see its relations to Golok River. Secondly, this article studies the western part of Kelantan border before the 1909 treaty. Thirdly, this article also explains the border delineation process which was determined by the Anglo-Siamese 1909 Treaty. Fourthly, the article analyses the effects of Kelantan-Patani border delineation to the evolution of Malay Peninsula polities. The method of the research involves black letter law method and legal history method. Documents analysed include the Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909, books, historical documents related to the negotiations in Kelantan-Patani border delineation process, as well as diplomatic correspondence between the British and Siamese officials. The study finds that the reorganisation process done by Britain and Siam did not only comprise the determination, acquisition and territorial losses by both powers, but also isolated Patani from other Malay Peninsula polities. Moreover, it brought unintended consequences due to the British failure in considering Malay civilisation and cultural factors in the process of determining the border delineation.

Salafi Movement Post-Conflict Ambon: A Search for Identity in Maluku

Hasbollah Toisuta (Corresponding Author); Saidin Ernas, Abidin Wakano — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

This article provides an overview of the development of contemporary Salafi movements in Maluku following the 1999 conflicts. The emergence and spread of the Salafi movement in this region has been significant over the past two decades, extending throughout Muslim communities in Maluku. This article explores the origins and connections between the Salafi movements in Maluku and nationwide and examines how local Muslims have responded to these developments. Through qualitative analysis using descriptive methods, data was collected through observations and interviews with key figures from both within the Salafi community and local community leaders. The findings show that the presence of the Salafi movements in Maluku is notable, particularly through their involvement in education and politics (da’wah). These movements can be characterised as purist while also encompassing educational, social, and political dimensions within Malukan society. The multifaceted approaches employed by this group have contributed to its growing acceptance among local Muslims.

Eksplorasi terhadap Paradigma Penyebaran Islam Para Rasul ‘Ulul Azmi: Analisis dari Perspektif Sejarah Islam

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

The concept of revelation is commonly associated with reveal prophets, who serve as conduits for delivering God's messages to mankind. This article explores the methodology employed by five prominent prophets of Ulul ‘Azmi – prophet Noah a.s., prophet Abraham a.s, prophet Moses a.s., prophet Jesus a.s. and prophet Mohammad s.a.w., in propagating Islam – with a particular focus on their method to delivering the Islamic monotheism (tawhid) message. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the methodologies utilized by these prophets in their mission to propagate Islam. The research methodology employed is qualitative in nature, utilizing content analysis techniques. Primary sources, such as the Quran and Hadith, along with the works of Islamic scholars, are referenced to gain insights into the methodologies adopted by the prophets. The findings of this study reveal three key methods employed by the prophets, namely, oral, action, and writing. These approaches are thoroughly examined and analyzed within the context of their respective prophets and their specific circumstances. Ultimately, the article concludes by providing an overview of the identified methodologies and their significance in the propagation of Islam, shedding light on the diverse approaches and strategies utilized by the prophets to convey the message of Islamic monotheism.

The Strength of Ibn Rushd's Integration of Religion and Philosophy: An Islamic Historical Discourse

Achmad Khudori Soleh (Corresponding Author); Erik Sabti Rahmawati — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Ibn Rushd’s thoughts on the integration of religion and philosophy exerted a major influence on Medieval Jewish, Christian and Islamic philosophy. However, a study that writes the full concept of Ibn Rushd’s integration and its advantages has yet to be found. This study aims to thoroughly analyze Ibn Rushd’s concept of the integration of religion and philosophy, discover the strengths of the integration, and identify its logical consequences. This study uses the content analysis method with primary sources as the main data. The results of the study indicate that (1) Ibn Rushd integrates religion and philosophy by combining three things from religion and philosophy: sources, methods, and goals. (2) The strength of Ibn Rushd’s integration lies in the integrity of the aspects involved, the placement of ratios at a very high position, the principle that philosophical thinking is part of religious order, and the use of allegorical interpretation (ta’wil) of the holy verses. The implication shows that religion and philosophy become inseparable, and the movement for integration must be a movement towards each other, between religion and philosophy. Ibn Rushd’s thoughts on integration can be the basis of the efforts to integrate contemporary religion and science.

Pusat Sejarah Brunei: Beberapa Aspek Perbincangan tentang Koleksi Manuskrip Melayu-Islam

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

Brunei History Centre is one of Brunei Darussalam government's agency that handles Malay manuscript collection and preservation activities. Through inventory and cataloging studies carried out since the 1980s, the involvement of this centre is seen to be in line with other institutions such as the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, the Museums Department, and the Brunei National Archives as manuscript collectors and preservers. However, unlike in the institutions mentioned, the status of the Malay manuscripts collection at the Brunei History Centre has never been mentioned in detail. This article presents a discussion regarding the position of Malay manuscripts in Brunei by analyzing previous studies on the inventory and cataloging of manuscripts, as well as describing the Brunei History Center's manuscript collection in general. This discussion is based on literature research and fieldwork, as well as interviews with agency officials involved. Based on this research, 270 manuscripts were found, which could be categorized into several genres. In addition, a number of untitled manuscripts were also uncovered at the Brunei History Centre. This discussion is pertinent in efforts to establish the existence and potentiality of the Malay manuscript collection at the Brunei History Centre; particularly to foreign researchers in a bid to assist in creating a knowledge base with regards to the collection. In addition, this also serves as a guide for any future undertakings with regard to the appropriate procedures and approaches dealing with those manuscripts. Essentially, this discussion places an emphasis on the fact that the role of this collection could not be disregarded in the scholarly pursuits of Malay manuscripts, mainly from its context as a source of historical analysis as well as in the investigation of Malay-Islamic civilization.

Impak Amalan Wakaf Terhadap Pemerintahan Kerajaan ‘Uthmaniyyah di Bosnia & Herzegovina pada abad ke 15M hingga 17M

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

The Ottoman rule in the Balkan Peninsula began in the 14th century and lasted until the 19th century. However, there are also small provinces such as Serbia that demanded independence earlier while there are also other provinces that are still under the reign after the 19th century. Among the important elements in carrying out development in their territories is by implementing waqf practices in every aspect such as economy and socio-culture. Initially, these endowment institutions were mostly founded by the ruling class and those with high status in the local community. Through this establishment gave a great impact in the politics and government of the Ottoman government either from a positive or negative perspective. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of waqf practices on the politics and rule of the ‘Ottomans in Bosnia & Herzegovina during the golden centuries of the kingdom, namely the 15th century to the 17th century. This study was conducted using qualitative methods in the form of historical research and collecting data using document analysis methods from various authoritative sources. The results of the study found that there were impacts on the practice of waqf in Bosnia & Herzegovina during that period. For example, it helped strengthen the power of the Ottoman even though not directly. This situation can be seen from the beginning of the practice of waqf through the involvement of Ottoman dignitaries who were from Bosnia, at the same time applying and integrating the Ottoman education system into the local community through waqf institutions that were built such as medrese. In addition, through the continuous development of waqf, it was able to stabilize the Ottoman rule in the region. This is because, the people see the government were able to prosper the economy for them while the Islamization process is becoming more and more vigorous due to the assistance from the cash waqf fund allocated for this activity. This led to an increase in the number of Muslims, making Islam the dominant religion in the region. In conclusion, the practice of waqf which is based on welfare and free services is not only considered to have an impact on community support but also can give a bad impression if it is not well managed by the government.

The History of Postmodernism and Its Impact on Muslim Lifestyle in Malaysia

Aizan Ali @ Mat Zin (Corresponding Author) — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

This article aims to explore the history of postmodernism and its impact on Muslim lifestyles in Malaysia. The emergence of postmodernism is inevitable in the Muslim world due to daily interaction among cultures, religions, and ideologies through various mediums of communication. The notions of scepticism, subjectivism or relativism, and suspicion of reason nurture postmodernist way of thinking and reasoning. Then, it jeopardises the absolute sources of the Islamic way of life specifically the Quran and Hadith. One pertinent question is how does postmodernism affect the lifestyle of Muslims? Primary and secondary data are needed to be collected to answer the question and achieve the aims of this article. Thus, methods of data collection were documentation on the history of postmodernism, and observation on social media regarding the lifestyle of Muslims in Malaysia. The collected data were analysed using comparative, deductive, and inductive analyses. Findings exhibit that the system of secular education and social media exposed Muslim society in Malaysia to the postmodernism lifestyle that jeopardised Islamic teaching. Modern lifestyle demands Muslim society to discard traditional ways of thinking based on religion, and nurture stressful minds and soul. In conclusion, empowering the Islamic education in promoting an Islamic lifestyle is pivotal to nurturing healthy mind and soul in the postmodernism era.

Mapping the Dynamics of Subregional Order: Challenges and Prospects in the Maghreb Region after 2011 Arab Spring

Asmaa Rafa, Philipp O. Amour — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

This article examines the security challenges facing the Maghreb region as a subregional system of the Middle East since the Arab Spring. The analysis concentrates on the period after the fall of the Libyan regime, which resulted in the decline of security in Libya, internal conflicts in Mali, and rising security instability in the Sahel region due to the return of Tuareg fighters to their Malian homeland. The article explores the political and economic dynamics in the Maghreb through an analysis of power distribution utilizing the regional security complex theory (RSCT). This examination highlights how these dynamics influence rivalry or cooperation, and the repercussions of missing systems that prompt the restructuring of the subregional order. The relevant information was systematically collected and analyzed via a data collection method which facilitated a thorough investigation of the intricate dynamics of the area, resulting in a better comprehension of the elements that mold its geopolitical environment.

Preliminary View on Journalistic and Intellectual Life of Mohammad Said (MS): A Discourse on Anti Colonial Struggle

Mehmet Özay (Corresponding Author); Budi Agustono — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

This work probes the life history and journalistic career of Mohammad Said (1905-1995) in a condensed manner, with much consideration on intensive insight into his personality and writings. In this regard, this study can be classified as an example of microsociology because it departs from the general approach of conventional historiography by absorbing facts concerning grand political events and episodes. He was a self-made intellectual who explored in his writings formidable historical events concerning the migrant workers (koeli kontrak) in North Sumatra, and the Dutch War in Aceh. In addition, it was also pertinent to construct a framework to explain his ideas on the development of nationalism, and the factors that led to independence in the following decades. During the early 20^th century, nationalism, identity, and nation-state were a patchwork, and had cleavages in many people’s minds in the Archipelago. Nevertheless, new discourses were developed to gain political consciousness and power through the writings of young journalists and intellectuals like Mohammad Said (MS). The thoughts and actions of MS should be considered as representing the values of his time. In this regard, one can assert that—in a Hegelian way—his self-consciousness helped the readers to comprehend the ‘spirit of the time.’ This study carried some glimpses of the era of tense discussions of independence, and anti-colonial struggles through MS’s intellectual discourse. This approach, namely viewing past political developments through the prism of a social agent, is essential.

Islamic Revival in Kazakhstan from the Historical Perspective (1991-2020)

Shakhkarim Sadvokassov (Corresponding Author); Rymbek Zhumashev — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

In recent years, researchers have increasingly posed the question of the role of Islam in shaping an individual's personality, their spiritual worldview, and socio-cultural identity in the post-Soviet space. This study aims to analyze the process of Islam's resurgence in the Republic of Kazakhstan, particularly in the context of its independence. The study employs a methodological framework grounded in the historical method of comparison. The findings underscore that Islam has evolved into an integral component of contemporary global civilization. In the era of globalization, it has undergone transformations across various levels of public life, serving as a unifying force for diverse reformist ideologies within the Islamic world. The study's conclusion highlights the contemporary period in the Republic of Kazakhstan as characterized by a national revival. This revival encompasses the revitalization of national culture and religion, with a strong emphasis on the development of national culture rooted in traditional spiritual values. Additionally, it recognizes the significant role of religion in shaping national identity. However, it is essential to acknowledge the ongoing tension between historically entrenched aspects of Islam and modern trends. This tension underscores the Islamic resurgence as a unifying force driving reformist ideas within the Islamic world. In summary, the Republic of Kazakhstan's modern era is marked by a profound national revival that encompasses cultural revitalization and a renewed recognition of religion's role in shaping national identity. This revival exists alongside the ongoing interplay between historical Islamic elements and contemporary influences.

ظاهرة إتلاف الكتب الإسلامية في الحضارة الإسلامية

Hamza Abed Alkarim Hammad; Abdul Karim Ali (Corresponding Author) — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

The Islamic civilization took a great interest in science and knowledge, including books that were vessels of knowledge from generation to generation, and this interest has appeared in many examples throughout history, but this interest was accompanied by deliberate destruction of Islamic books; so this research, which aims to identify the phenomenon of destruction of Islamic books in the Islamic civilization through the analysis of there was a deliberate destruction of books in the Islamic civilization, and attributed Researchers attribute this damage to: subjective, doctrinal and scientific reasons.

تاريخ الملاحة البحرية الملايوية: بزوغها وتموقعها الإستراتيجي ودورها في تطور التجارة البحرية الدولية

Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0800

This paper aims to highlight the history of Malay maritime from its start until the end of the 14^th century by identifying its geographical area and finding out its most important centers, tools, and relations with the great powers to discover their role in the development of maritime trade. Then, this paper describes the lost history in the studies of the Malay maritime history. The paper employes the descriptive approach based on reviewing the historical events in the relevant sources. Thus, the paper finds that the history of Malay maritime was full of great achievements and played an important role in the regions. Particularly, its presence in Malacca as an effective strategic center and owning the largest and most important commercial vessels. The paper also shows that this effective role of Malay nation has been reflected in the economic, social, and cultural developments and global maritime trade. Therefore, it is recommended for researchers to direct more efforts into history and research to learn more about this history of Malay maritime.