Cabaran Aliran Literalis Pada Era Murabitun: Peranan Ibn al-‘Arabi al-Maliki terhadap Pengukuhan Ash‘ariyyah di al-Maghrib Dan al-Andalus
The Challenge of Literalist School in The Murabitun Era: The Role of Ibn al-‘Arabi al-Maliki in Strengthening Ash‘arism in al-Maghrib and al-Andalus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol28no1.13Keywords:
Ash‘ari School, Ibn Tumart, ‘ilm al-kalam, figurative interpretation, literalistAbstract
This article examines the spread of the Ash‘ari School in the Islamic West, critically assessing the prevailing narrative that it began only with the revolution of Ibn Tumart in the 6th century AH/12th century AD. Prior to that moment, Muslims in the region were purported to adhere to the Salaf creed and vehemently oppose speculative theology (‘ilm al-kalam). This study uses the biographical and corpus of Abu Bakr ibn al-‘Arabi (468-543H/1078-1178A), a distinguished Maliki-Ash‘ari scholar in the Murabitun era, as a case study to identify the position of the Ash‘ari school and the challenges it faced. The research is qualitative in nature, applying prosopographical methods and documentary analysis. Data are drawn from biographical dictionaries, historical chronicles, and Ibn al-‘Arabi’s extant works. The findings demonstrate that Ash‘arite had already gained considerable traction among Maliki scholars in the al-Maghrib and al-Andalus long before the rise of Ibn Tumart. This scholarly circle was characterized by expertise in Maliki jurisprudence, Hadith sciences, and rational theology. Moreover, the analysis of Ibn al-‘Arabi’s intellectual career reveals that the most significant challenge confronting the Maliki-Ash‘ari community during the Almoravid era was the ascendancy of literalism in jurisprudence and theology advanced by the Zahirites, Hanbalites, and some Maliki jurists within the Murabitun administration
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