Human Needs in Iranian Traditional Houses in Psychological Approach ( Case study : Haghighi House , Isfahan , Iran )

Human being is an egocentric creation, which select and behave based on his/her ego's benefits. The most important motivation for human is satisfying the needs. Psychological Researches have shown that these needs are the same in all people. Houses as physical base of forming family, participate in satisfaction of needs in some aspects. Iranian traditional houses, have been preparing good quality of life for their residents in their life period, and therefore it seems that it is somehow because of facilitating the basis of need satisfaction. In this research, literature of human needs has been collected and categorized, and after that this needs has been surveyed in Haghighi house as a case study in descriptive and Logical analysis method. Haghighi house is a traditional house in Isfahan, Iran, from Qajar Period (early 19 century). Although the examples are from this house, but it has been tried to identify some general aspects of Iranian traditional houses. At the end some strategies for designing contemporary houses toward more satisfaction of human needs has been derived.


INTRODUCTION
It seems that there is a strong connection between the pleasurable experience of fulfillment of needs and well-being (Korhonen, 2013)."The idea of common human needs provides a superior theoretical framework with which to conceive of human welfare, which overcomes each of the critiques leveled against preference satisfaction" (Gough, 2014).The most of works, behaviors, and reactions of human can be interpreted in term of "human needs" and his preferences.They are powerful sources of explanation of behavior and social interaction of human being (Coate & Rasati, 1988).Needs are innate rather than learned (Deci & Ryan, 2000), and therefore they are common between all people, and Satisfying needs is essential for healthy development and effective functioning (Deci & Ryan, 2000).Also needs are the link between performance and demand of the social world (Deci & Ryan, 2000), and therefore to have healthy individuals and society, needs satisfaction is essential.Many psychologists have researched about human motivations and need; Maslow divides human needs to four types that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly.These needs are in a hierarchical order, and for upward climbs one set of needs should be satisfied at a time.These needs are physiological needs, need for safety, the desire for love, and the quest for esteem.Maslow name these needs as "deficiency needs" besides "being needs" or "selfactualization" (Griffin, Andrew, & Glenn, 1991) (Thielke, et al., 2012).
He defined the need for self-actualization as "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming".People gravitate to maximize their potential in a gentle but persistent way, only after satisfaction of their basic deficiency cravings (Maslow, 1943).
Max-Neef classifies the fundamental human needs as existential needs and axiological (value) needs. - Each need occurs at four different levels of activity: Being, Having, Doing and Interacting (Table .1).These needs are the same everywhere, while the means of satisfying a need may be highly variable in terms of time, culture and environment (Max-neef M. A., 1991) (Max-neef, Elizalde, & Hopenhayn, 1992).
In addition needs can be satisfied in different intensities and levels.For example needs are satisfied within three context: -With regards to self (Eigenwelt) -With regards to the social group (Mitwelt) -With regards to the environment (Umwelt) (Max-neef M. A., 1991). 1 ) This is to comprehend and make sense of their experience, specially, difficulties and tragedies of life (Andersen, Chen, & Carter, 2000).
According to Glasser theory there are two basic human needs to be satisfied; 1) Physical needs are the needs to survive, to prepare food, shelter and safety.
2) Psychological needs are spoken in term of; -Belonging: to be with people who know, care about, and to be accepted and appreciated.-Gaining power: knowledge and skills and therefore self-esteem.-Having fun.
Whether we are aware of it or not, we are all the time behaving to meet these needs (Glasser, 1999).Deci and Ryan speak about three innate of fundamental psychological needs; Competence, autonomy, and relatedness, which defeated satisfaction of them causes negative functional consequences for mental health and often sequels in persistence and performance (Deci & Ryan, 2000).Frey and Wilhite categorize needs in five basic ones: The need for survival, belonging, power/self-worth, freedom and fun (Frey & Wilhite, 2005).

Needs Maslow 1943
Max

DISCUSSIONS
As before said, houses as a context of everyday life, participate in satisfaction of human needs; The most important role of every house is to be a shelter, to response physical needs; to save people from danger, rain, sunlight, and also a place to make family, to become together, etc. (Figure 2).Also a base to develop protectiveness in relation to protection need.As Heidegger mentions; "Things of this sort are housings, though not necessarily dwelling-houses in the narrower sense" (Heidegger, 1971).Therefore all houses prepare a minimum of physiological needs, but they are different in psychological ones;

 The need for Love
Because of life style at traditional families in Iran, affection and belonging need is responded at traditional houses in a reasonable way; the hierarchy to reach the house, the arrangement of rooms around a yard like sitting around a table (Figure 3), the colorful places which increase sympathy (Figure 4).All of these items bring people together to live and act in a united group and it increases their belonging.Different places in houses with their own character facilitate forming memories and it is effective in shaping sense of attachment to place and other people.

 The need for participation
Living in a large home with a broad family increase human participation in each works.In other hand the main place for day life is central yard and many works are done in common.In traditional houses there are large rooms for family to come together and benefit each other presence (Figure 5).The mystery hidden in these houses is a way to satisfy understanding need (Figure7&8).Mysterious places in which you should think to understand their order, harmony, details and the wisdom behind them, are designed in these houses in different ways.

 Need of leisure
There are extensive places to spend leisure times for children and also places like hozkhane at some traditional houses for adults.Having different places with different criteria help people spend their leisure time in different ways

 Identity need
As mentioned before, hierarchy of places in neighborhood let people shape their identity of place (Figure 9), also places with good criteria with unique character help to increase dependence and identity (Figure 10).

• Need for freedom
Places with different criteria and also large open spaces let residents to have different option to select the place and therefore reply the need of freedom (Figure 11).

• Competence need
The rooms in traditional houses are made for different level of competency; the child room, the guest room, the room for married sons, the parents room, which are in a hierarchy level of quality, and this in some extent satisfy competence need.At the other hand, aesthetic elements at home increase creativity of people, also free places which let to think in an open mind space help it, and this bring freedom and competence (Figure12).

• Meaning
Meaningful places in traditional houses is a base to develop meaning.Myths, stories, similesespecially in ornaments-are too important to bringing meaning to life (Figure13).

CONCLUSION
A house contributes in satisfying human needs as base of everyday life.Traditional houses -in comparison to today ones -were more engaged with these needs.In this survey Haghighi house as a case study has been studied.It seems that traditional houses were built in a more humanistic way, and the human being, as user of these houses were considered.Both physical and psychological aspects of human has specific place in designing a house.These factors were considered as a whole and architects tried to have a balance between them.The logic of responding to needs can be used for contemporary life's places.Therefore the results could be concluded in this way;

Diagram 1 :
Human needsThe traditional houses along history were more satisfying than today ones.In this survey, Haghighi house as a case study has been taken and the most common factor and elements -which are the same in most of traditional houses-in relation to needs satisfactions has been studied.Haghighi house has built in early Qajar period in the 19 th century.The house is belonged to a private owner and in the early 1975 winter house was bought by Iran government, and transferred to Ministry of Art and Culture.From 1980 till now Art University of Isfahan is the owner of that(Abdul Rahim, 2013).

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Arrangement of rooms around central yards

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: Some places satisfy the freedom need

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Mysterious ceiling Figure 9: Hierarchy of access to house Figure 10.a: Good definition of different places

Table 3 :
Strategies for contemporary houses to satisfy more needs