Evaluation Thermal Comfort based on PMV and PPD using CBE Tool for Three Non-Air-Conditioned Pre School: A Case Study in Melaka Tengah, Malaysia District Area

Abstract

Thermal comfort plays an important role in educational environments, which has a profound effect on the physical and mental health of children. The objective of this study is to assess the thermal comfort levels, specifically the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD), in three non-air-conditioned preschools (Pre-school A, B and C) situated in the residential region of Melaka Tengah, Malaysia. The ASHRAE Standard 55 (2023) were used for evaluation of PMV and PPD based on Fangers Model. Data on indoor temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were collected in three preschools from 08:00 to 14:00 in accordance with the Industry Code of Practice of Indoor Air Quality by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health 2010 (ICOP, DOSH Malaysia). The PMV and PPD were calculated using the CBE tool version 2.5.6. The calculations were based on a metabolic rate of 1.0 met for the activity of "Seated, relaxed" and a clothing insulation level of 0.61 clo (trousers and long-sleeve t-shirt). The findings suggest that the air temperatures in all three preschools are constantly above the suggested comfort range of 27°C to 35.5°C. Overall, the environmental conditions found in these preschools indicate a notable level of thermal discomfort based on PPD, which is above 95% PPD for all the preschools. The high PMV and PPD highlight the urgent requirement for better ventilation, adjustments in building design, and improved environmental controls to guarantee a healthier and more comfortable interior environment for preschool children and staff.