Metode Penghujahan Kalam al-Ashāʿirah Terhadap Penolakan Kewujudan Tuhan dalam Pemikiran Pascamoden
The Argumentation of Ashʿarī Kalām Against the Denial Of God’s Existence in Postmodern Thought
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol28no1.3Keywords:
Existence of God, atheism, postmodernism, Ash‘arite Kalam (Theology)Abstract
This study discusses the critique of Ashʿarite kalām against the denial of God’s existence within two major strands of postmodern thought, philosophical nihilism, as developed by Friedrich Nietzsche, and scientific atheism, grounded in Neo-Darwinism. Both currents reject metaphysics and divine authority, either through the slogan of the “death of God” or through the reduction of existence to a strictly materialist framework. In response, Ashʿarite kalām is presented as a systematic and rational theological discourse that engages critically with such perspectives. The objectives of this study are: (i) to explain the concept of existence according to Ashʿarite kalām and Western philosophy; (ii) to evaluate the forms of argumentation in theological issues between Nietzsche’s thought, scientific atheism, and Ashʿarite theology; and (iii) to analyze the refutational methods of Ashʿarite against postmodern atheism. This study employs a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach to key texts of Western thought and the discourse of Islamic kalām. The findings reveal that Ashʿarite kalām possesses strong and consistent foundations of argumentation through the principles of ʿillah wa maʿlūl (cause and effect), ibṭāl al-dawr (invalidation of circularity), ibṭāl al-tasalsul (invalidation of infinite regress), and dalīl al-niẓām (argument from design), supported by scriptural evidence. The study contributes to contemporary theological discourse by constructing a systematic Ashʿarite kalām methodological framework through the integration of these four arguments as mechanisms for responding to philosophical nihilism and scientific atheism. This framework demonstrates the capacity of classical kalām methods to address contemporary philosophical and scientific challenges.
References
Abdul Rahman Haji Abdullah. Wacana Falsafah Barat Tinjauan dan Kritikan. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia, 2016.
Abū Zayd, Minā. “Manhaj Muḥammad ‘Abduh fī Dirāsat al-‘Aqīdah.” In Muhammad ‘Abduh: Buḥūth wa Dirāsāt ‘an Ḥayatih wa Afkārih, ed. ‘Atif al-‘Iraqi. n.p.: al-Majlis al-A‘lā li al-Thaqāfah, 1997.
Aḥmad, Abū Bakr. Al-Imām Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ash‘arī: Imām Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah wa Manhājuh al-Wasaṭī fī al-‘Aqīdah. n.p.: Dār al-Markaz li al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyyah, n.d..
Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib. Risalah Untuk Kaum Muslimin. Kuala Lumpur: IBFIM, 2014.
Al-Baghdādī, Abū Manṣūr ‘Abd al-Qāhir bin Ṭāhir al-Tamīmī. Kitāb Uṣūl al-Dīn. Istanbul: Maṭba‘ah al-Dawlah, 1928.
Al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin al-Ṭayyīb. Al-Inṣāf fī mā Yajib I‘tiqāduh wa lā Yajūz al-Jahl bih. Cairo: Al-Maktabah al-Azhariyyah li al-Turāth, 2000.
Al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin al-Ṭayyīb. Al-Tamhīd fī al-Radd ‘alā Mulḥidat al-Mu‘aṭṭilah wa al-Rāfiḍah wa al-Khawārij wa al-Mu‘tazilah. Cairo: Maṭba‘ah Lajnah al-Ta’lif wa al-Tarjumah wa al-Nashr, 1947.
Al-Būṭī, Muḥammad Sa‘īd Ramaḍān. Al-Madhāhib al-Tawḥīdiyyah wa al-Falsafāt al-Mu‘āṣirah. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, n.d..
Al-Būṭī, Muḥammad Sa‘īd Ramaḍān. Al-Salafiyyah: Marḥalah Zamāniyyah Mubārakah lā Madhhab Islāmī. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1996.
Al-Būṭī, Muḥammad Sa‘īd Ramaḍān. Kubrā al-Yaqīniyyāt al-Kawniyyah. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 2006.
Al-Nu‘mānī, al-Hind Shiblī. ‘Ilm al-Kalām al-Jadīd. Cairo: Al-Markaz al-Qawmī li al-Tarjamatī, 2012.
Al-Ῑjī, ‘Idd al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān. Kitāb al-Mawāqif fī ‘Ilm al-Kalām. Beirut: ‘Ālam al-Kutub, 2005.
Al-Juwaynī, ‘Abd al-Mālik. Luma‘ al-‘Adillah fī Qawā‘id ‘Aqā’id Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah, ed. Fawqiyyah Ḥusayn Maḥmūd. Cairo: al-Mu’assasah al-Miṣriyyah al-‘Āmmah li al-Ta’līf wa al-Anbā’ wa al-Nashr, 1965.
Al-Maydan, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ḥabannakah. Ḍawābiṭ al-Ma‘rifah wa Uṣūl al-Istidlāl wa al-Munāẓarah. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 2004.
Al-Maydan, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ḥabannakah. Al-‘Aqīdah al-Islāmiyyah wa Asasuhā. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 2009.
Al-Nasafī, Abū al-Barakat ‘Abd Allāh Ibn Aḥmad Ibn Maḥmūd. Tafsīr al-Nasafī Madārik al-Tanzīl wa Ḥaqā’iq al-Ta’wīl. Damascus: Dār Ibn al-Kathīr, 2008.
Al-Qūdat, Nūḥ ‘Alī Sulaymān. Al-Mukhtaṣar al-Mufīd fī Sharḥ Jawharat al-Tawḥīd. Amman: Dār al-Rāẓi, 1999.
Al-Sanūsī, Muḥammad bin Yūsuf. Sharḥ al-‘Aqīdah al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2006.
Al-Sanūsī, Muḥammad bin Yūsuf. Sharḥ Ṣughrā al-Ṣughrā fī ‘Ilm al-Tawḥīd. Amman: Dār al-Rāzī, 2006.
Al-Sanūsī, Muḥammad bin Yūsuf. Umm al-Barāhīn: Sharḥ al-‘Aqīdah al-Ṣughrā. n.p.: Al-Ḥuqūq Maḥfūẓah li al-Muḥaqiq, 2004.
Al-Shāfi‘ī, Ḥasan. Al-Āmidī wa Ārā’uh al-Kalāmiyyah. Cairo: Dār al-Salām, 1998.
Al-Shirāzī, Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad. Al-Ḥikmah al-Muta‘āliyah fī al-Asfār al-‘Aqliyyah al-Arba‘ah, vol. 6. n.p.: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabiyyah, 1990.
Al-Taftazānī, Sa‘ad al-Dīn Mas‘ūd ‘Umar. Sharḥ al-‘Aqā’id al-Nasafiyyah. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turath al-‘Arabī, 2014.
Al-Taftazānī, Mas‘ūd bin ‘Umar bin ‘Abd Allāh. Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid, vol. 2. Beirut: ‘Ālam al-Kutub, 1998.
Armstrong, Karen. History of God, The 4000 –Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1993.
Armstrong, Karen. Sejarah Tuhan: Kisah Pencarian Tuhan yang Dilakukan oleh Orang-orang Yahudi, Kristen, dan Islam Selama 4.000 Tahun, trans. Zainul Am. Bandung: Mizan, 2003.
Armstrong, Karen. The Case for God. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
Buckley, Michael J. At the Origins of Modern Atheism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.
Copleston, Frederick. A History of Philosophy: Logical Positivism and Existentialism. London: Continuum, 2003.
Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. London: Transworld Publishers, 2006.
Francois, Lyotard Jean, The Postmodern Condition: A Report On Knowledge, trans. Geoff Bennington dan Brian Massumi Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
Fūdah, Sa‘īd ‘Abd al-Laṭīf. Al-Mūjiz fī al-Taḥaddiyāt bayn ‘Ilm al-Kalām wa al-Falsafah. Amman: Al-Aṣilayn li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Nashr, 2022.
Fūdah, Sa‘īd ‘Abd al-Laṭīf. Buḥūth fi ‘Ilm al-Kalām Amman: Dār al-Rāzī, 2004.
Fūdah, Sa‘īd ‘Abd al-Laṭīf. Mawqif al-Imām al-Ghāzālī min ‘Ilm al-Kalām. n.p.: Dār al-Fatḥ li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Naṣhr, 2009.
Grayling, A. C. The History of Philosophy. The Open Book Duet, n.d..
Hadiwidjono, Harun. Seri Sejarah Filsafat Barat II. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1980.
Hick, John Harwood. The Existence of God. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1964.
Huyssteen, Wetzel Van. Theology and Justification of Faith: Constructing Theories in Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989.
‘Izz al-‘Arab, ‘Abd al-Ḥāmid ‘Ali. ‘Ilm al-Tawḥīd ‘inda Khawāṣṣ al-Mutakallimīn. Cairo: Dār al-Manār, 1987.
Kamis, Maryam Habibah, Wan Ramli, Wan Adli & Hamat, Mohd Fauzi. “Pensabitan Makna dalam Perbahasan Epistemologi Ahli Sunah Waljamaah.” Afkar: Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam 27(2) (2025): 213–252.
Kaufmann, W. & Hollingdale, R. J. The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Vintage Books, 1969.
Khairuddin, Wan Haslan, Hamat, Mohd Fauzi & Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Yakub @ Zulkifli. “Ateisme dalam Wacana Ilmu Kalam.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 22 (2022): 125–137.
Kenny, Anthony John Patrick. An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy. USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Madkūr, Ibrāhīm. Fi al-Fikr al-Islāmī. Cairo: Samīrkū li al-Ṭibā‘ah wa al-Nashr, n.d..
Mohamad Razif Mohamad Fuad et al. “Readings on the Definition and Arguments Towards Atheism Among Muslim Theologians and Philosophers.” Afkar: Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam 24(1) (2022): 343–380. DOI: 10.22452/afkar.vol24no1.10.
Che Nordin, Mohd Khairul Naim bin. “Examining the Impact of Relativism on Religious Beliefs in Postmodern Thought: An Islamic Perspective.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 26 (2024): 95–106. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.26.2024.305.
Mohd Nasir. Sekularisasi dari Kematian Tuhan ke Kematian Insan. Selangor: Akademi Kajian Ketamadunan, 2019.
Nafīsah, Maḥmūd Muḥammad, ‘Ayd. Āthār al-Falsafah al-Yūnāniyyah fī ‘Ilm al-Kalām al-Islāmī ḥattā al-Qarn al-Sādis al-Hijrī: Dirāsah Taḥlīliyyah Naqdiyyah. Damascus: Dār al-Nawādir, 2010.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science With a Prelude in German Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science. Leipzig: E. W. Fritzsch, 1887.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spake Zarathustra. Trans: Thomas Common. New York, The Modern Library: Random House Inc, 1999.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spake Zarathustra. Trans. Thomas Common. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1967.
Junoh, Noraini, Mat Zin, Mohd Nazri, Mustapha, Ahmad Murshidi & Mohamad, Abdul Manam. “Falsafah Akal al-Dihlawi: Analisis Aspek Prinsip dan Hakikat Berfikir Kritis dalam Hujjah Allah al-Balighah.” Afkar: Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam 26(1) (2024): 415–466.
Robinson, Dave. Postmodern Encounters: Nietzsche and Postmodernism. USA: Totem Books, 2000.
Russell, Bertand. History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection With Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Time, trans. Terjemahan Sejarah Filsafah Barat dan Kaitannya dengan Kondisi Sosial Politik dari Zaman Kuno Hingga Sekarang. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2016.
Ṣabri, Muṣṭafā. Mawqif al-‘Aql wa al-‘Ālām min Rabb al-‘Ālamīn wa ‘Ibādih al-Mursalīn. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Kutub al-‘Arabiyyah, 1950.
Sardar, Ziauddin. Postmodernism and the Other: The New Imperialism of Western Culture. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 1998.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism is a Humanism. Trans. Carol Macomber. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2007.
Setiawan, Johan & Sudrajat, Ajat. “Pemikiran Postmodernisme dan Pandangannya Terhadap Ilmu Pengetahuan.” Jurnal Filsafat 28(1) (2018): 25-46. doi: 10.22146/jf.33296 2018.
Sukri, Rizwan Ahmad. “Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Konsep Ketuhanan Zaman Pencerahan dan Relevansinya Bagi Perkembangan Ilmu,” Jurnal Filsafat Edisi Khusus (1997): 9.
The Civil Code (the Act of April 23, 1964 – the legal status on September 1, 2007), ed. M. Buczna. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer Poland Sp. z o.o., 2007.
Tillich, Paul. A History of Christian Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Wan Razali, W.M.F.A. et al.. “Kajian Moden Agama di Barat: Satu Tinjauan Historiografi.” ‘Abqari Journal 10(1) 2019: 49–69. https://doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol10no1.123.
Życiński, Józef. God and Post-Modern Thought: Philosophical Issues in the Contemporary Critique of Modernity. Washington: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication, 2010.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Afkar: Jurnal Akidah dan Pemikiran Islam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
